National Iranian Oil Company
NIOC isn’t an oil company—it’s the Iranian state’s legal claim on hydrocarbons, written into law in 1951 and measured in gigatonnes of CO₂.
Iran
Persia under a newer name, with a memory far longer than the republic.
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BP
William Knox D'Arcy · 1908
BP’s origin story is not about entrepreneurship or engineering — it is about a sovereign concession enabling extraction. Its business model depends on controlling physical assets and political access, not market creation or product innovation.
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BHP
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Gabe Newell
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Ray Kroc
Ray Kroc was the American businessman who bought McDonald's in 1961 and helped turn it into a worldwide franchise chain.
Jumbo
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