Disruptive innovation
Disruption isn’t what breaks markets—it’s what incumbents ignore until it’s too late.
Decision-making
How people choose, and how those choices go wrong.
- 4
- in business
- 10:33
- average
- 42 min
- in total
- 28
- across the network
All briefs
Berkshire Hathaway
Warren Buffett · 1955
Berkshire Hathaway is a holding company built on arbitrage, insurance float, and concentrated control — not innovation or disruption.
Visa Inc.
Dee Hock · 1958
Visa is a payment infrastructure built on delegation: banks issue cards, Visa provides the rails and branding, and consumers pay fees embedded in every transaction. Its 1970 restructuring into a member-owned, decentralised association — conceived and led by Dee Hock — was a deliberate rejection of hierarchy. Yet its 2025 volume ($14.2 trillion) reflects not distributed decision-making but tightly coordinated standards enforcement. The ‘chaordic’ ideal remains descriptive, not operational.
Warren Buffett
Buffett didn’t build Berkshire by spotting winners—he seized control, revalued assets on his terms, and walked away from the original business without apology.